Penologists argue that punishment should not only be punitive but also rehabilitative, aiming to reform offenders and prepare them for reintegration into society. The study of penology also involves the analysis of the impact of punishment on offenders, their families, and the wider community.
: Introduced by Cesare Lombroso, this school suggests that criminal behavior is dictated by biological, psychological, and social traits rather than pure free will. criminology penology and victimology n.v. paranjape pdf