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This is the primary indicator of fractured layers. When a shear wave enters a fractured rock, it splits into two waves traveling at different speeds: a "fast" wave polarized parallel to the fractures and a "slow" wave perpendicular to them.

In geophysics and oil and gas exploration, "cracked VSP" typically refers to conducted specifically to characterize fractured (cracked) reservoirs . This technique is essential because fractures—often called "cracks"—significantly influence a rock's permeability, fluid flow, and overall elastic properties. Core Principles of Cracked VSP

"We didn't plan miracles," she said. "We planned a stubbornness."