UI Automator requires permission. You can grant it via ADB without touching the screen (Android 4.4+):
Were you looking for a paper like AnForA, or a paper on deep learning for automation? Android Debug Bridge (adb) | Android Studio adb enable automator
adb shell pm grant android.permission.WRITE_SECURE_SETTINGS (Replace with the app's ID, e.g., com.llamalab.automate ) . 4. Why Use ADB for Automation? UI Automator requires permission